DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT METHODS

LINEAR DISPLACEMENT MECHANICAL:- 1. steel rule: range 0to 1000mm, accuracy. (+.1,-.1) to (+.3 to-.3mm) 2.micrometer- range 0 to 600mm accuracy + 0.002 to-0.002 mm. 3. Callipers-range 0to 1000mm +0.02,-0.02 to+0.06to-0.06 4. Dial gauge- accuracy +0.005,-0.005 to.02 Used for small displacements, pointer moving across a scale as output. 5.sigma comparator- pointer moving across a scale as output 6.johnson comparator- pointer moving across a scale as output

Product data management

PDM (product data management) is the function of business that is most commonly withi PLM(product lifecycle management) which is responsible for product data in terms of publications and management. This term is coined as version control in solidworks engineering l. It is used inorder to control the track product related particular data , with the help of software or other tools. Types of materials needed for the production of goods ; technical specifications of the product , for manufacture and development are usually the types of data which are tracked. This type of data management is used by the company to track the different costs associated with the creation and lunch of a product . Product data management is also part of a product lifecycle management and configuration management which is primarily used by engineers . it is used for process and product history; promoting integration and data exchange of users interacted businesses processes , by serving as a central knowledge responsibility,PDM users include but not limited to -project managers , engineers ,sales people,buyers and quality assurance teams

Solidworks Simulation

It is an easy to use portfolio of structural analysis tools that uses the FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS method to predict a products real-world physical behavior by virtually testing CAD models, the portfolio provides linear ,,non linear static and dynamic analysis capabilities.x

CAE

computer aided engineering CAE is the method of using computers InDesign , analysis and manufacturing of a product , process ,or project. CAE often focuses on mechanical design an product development automation. Some f the most fimilar elements of CAE are surface and solid modeling and the Simulation , analysis , testing , and optimization of mechanical structures and systems using digital prototypes. FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS is a process often associated with CAE about figure shows the golden ratio in objects

CAM

computer aided manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to assistin the creation or modifications of manufacturing control data , plans or operations and to operate machine tools. CAM softwares is used to convert the geometry to computer numerical control(CNC) data that is read by the CNC machine tools

Basic knowledge & terms of solidworks

Solidworks is a product development solution that lets you conceptualize , crea, validate, communicate, mansge & transform your innovation ideas into great product design.SOLIDWORKS solutions provide easy to learn, yet extremely powerful functionality that shortens product loodevelopment time, reduces cost & improve quality.

GOLDEN RATIO in solid works

there's a common ratio found innature that can be used to create pleasing, natural looking composition in the design works , this is called the golden rario, golden ratio represent by the symbol phi and the no. Is approximately equals to 1.618. the golden ratio number can be applied to the proportion of a rectangle, called the golden rectangle. The golden rectangle is known as one of the most visually satisfying of all geometric forms. The golden ratio is appears in all forms of nature. Desigher are using the golden ratio in their design for the best visual output and natural looking.

eg. of lower & higher pairs

A lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact between two members, e.g. nut and bolts in case of higher pairs there is line or point contact between two bodied for eg. cam & rocker arms

critical speed of drum in case of rope brake dynamometer

In rope brake dynamometer , heat is genrated due to friction between rope & drum. So cooling is provided with the rope brake dynamometer . The drum is provided with flanges turned inside on the rim, forming a channel for the flow of water . Circulation of water from bottom to the top is possible onlu when centrifugal forceon water will be greater then its weight. therefore Fc >=w Fc-w=0 For equilibrium position of water in channel Fc-w=0.

grinding valve seats

The valve seat grinder rotates a grinding stone of copper shape an valve seat. A pilot installed in the valve seat . This permits the stone to clear itself of grit & dust by centrifugal force . A steel scale can be used to measure measure seat width. When a new valve is installed it may too high above the seat . Then grind the seat slightly with a stone of the same seat angle

checking of leakage of valves

1. Check valve guides for wear, clean replace & ream for same size valve steam if necessary. 2. Check valves & valve seats. Clean valve heads & steam an a wire wheel. 3. Refinish valve seats. 4. Check rocker arms for wear. Service or replace as necessary. 5. Replace valves & springs in head. 6. Check & adjust valve clearence as necessary

valve seat grinding

For effective valve seating & sealinf , the valve face is must be concentric with the valve stem . The valve seats are of two types , 1. The integral type. 2. The insert type.

valve refacing

If the valves are good enough to reuse them. This requires a valve refacing machine. The valve refacer has a grinding wheel coolant delivery system & a chuck which holds the valve for grinding set the chuck to grind the valve face at specific angle to start the operation , align the coolant feed so that it sprays coolant on the rotating valve face. Do not take heavy cuts , if so much metal must be removed that margin is loss , discard the valve.

cylinder valver

Each cylinder has two valves , an intake & exhaust valve . Some high performance engines have four valves per cylinder . Two intake & exhaust valves. Usually, the intake valves is larger than exhaust valves is opened , the only force moving air-fuel mixure into the cylinder is atmospheric preassure when exhaust valve is opened the piston is moving up & there is a high preassure driving the exhaust gases