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Wednesday, March 24, 2021

methods of energy

Strain Energy: The work done by the load in straining the body is stored within the strained material in the form of strain energy.

Strain energy, 

image001

image002

Put image003

Or image005

image006

Proof Resilience: The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material is known as proof resilience.

 

image007

image008

Where, image009

Strain energy of prismatic bar with varying sections:

 

image010

image011Strain energy of non-prismatic bar with varying axial force:

image012

Ax = Cross-section of differential section.

image013

Stresses due to 

  1. Gradual Loading:-          
  2. Sudden Loading:-           
  3. Impact Loading:-   Work done by falling weigth P is    
        ......(a)
                                     Work stored in the bar ......(b)
                               By equating, stress will be 
                           and 

Strain Energy in Torsion:

                                                            image014

For solid shaft, image015

For hollow shaft, image016 

Castigliano’s First Theorem: It the strain energy of an elastic structure can be expressed as a function of generalized displacement, then the partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to generalized displacement gives the generalized force

image017 [Where M is function of W (load)]

Deflection: image018

Slope: image019

 

Theories of Failure: Theories of failure are defined as following groups.

Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine theory):

  • According to this theory, permanent set takes place under a state of complex stress, when the value of maximum principal stress is equal to that of yield point stress as found in a simple tensile test.
  • For design, critical maximum principal stress (σ1) must not exceed the working stress (s1) for the material.

s2

Note: For bittle material, it gives satisfactory result. Yield criteria for 3D stress system,

image021

Where, σy = Yield stress point in simple tension, and σy = Yield stress point in simple compression.

image022

 

Maximum Principal Strain Theory (St. Venant’s theory):

According to this theory, a ductile material begins to yield when the maximum principal strain at which yielding occurs in simple tension.

For 3D stress system,

image023

image024

If ey = Yield point strain tensile image025

image026 Yield point strain compressive image027

According to theory, e1 = ey

Yield criteria: image028

And image029

For 2D system, image030

image031

image032

 

Note: This theory can estimate the elastic strength of ductile material.

Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest & Tresca’s theory): According to this theory, failure of specimen subjected to any combination of loads when the maximum shearing stress at any point reaches the failure value equal to that developed at the yielding in an axial tensile or compressive test of the same material.

For 3D system:

Yielding criteria, image033

In case of 2D: σ1 – σ3 = σy

Yielding criteria, σ1 - σ2 = σy

This theory gives well estimation for ductile material.

Maximum Strain Energy Theory (Haigh’s theory):

  • According to this theory, a body under complex stress fails when the total strain energy on the body is equal to the strain energy at elastic limit in simple tension. For 3D stress system yield criteria,

image034

For 2D stress system, image035

image036

This theory does not apply to brittle material for which elastic limit stress in tension and in compression are different.

Maximum shear strain energy/Distortion energy theory/Mises-Henky theory

  • It states that inelastic action at any point in a body, under any combination of stress begins, when the strain energy of distortion per unit volume absorbed at the point is equal to the strain energy of distortion absorbed per unit volume at any point an a bar stressed to the elastic limit under the state of uniaxial stress as occurs in a simple tension/compression test.

s3


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